Beyond Biomass: Reimagining Microalgae as Living Environmental Nano-Factories

Microalgae have long been recognized for their potential in biofuel production and wastewater treatment, but their broader capabilities remain underexplored. This opinion paper presents a case for a significant shift in how microalgae are conceptualized from biomass producers to dynamic, multifunctional systems that can serve as environmental nano-factories. It highlights emerging research on the role of microalgae in heavy metal sequestration, the green biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, and the cascading valorization of residual biomass through environmentally sustainable extraction methods. Together, these applications offer a unified platform for pollution mitigation and the production of valuable materials. The paper also examines recent progress in synthetic biology, bioreactor design, and microbial consortia that could support this transition. At the same time, it acknowledges key challenges, including issues of scalability, regulatory acceptance, and process integration. Strategic recommendations are proposed to advance this field and align it more closely with circular economy models. By reimagining microalgae as living nano-factories, this paper outlines a path forward for developing integrated, sustainable technologies that simultaneously address environmental and industrial challenges.