Implementation of low-carbon strategies for energy efficiency and climate adaptation: a case study in hot and arid residential buildings

Abstract This study assesses the energy efficiency and economic viability of integrated low-carbon technologies in Najran University’s residential buildings under hot–arid conditions. A 24-month analysis of 100 housing units and the Main Library revealed a 42% energy consumption reduction, with solar PV (25.2%), VRF HVAC (10.4%), LED lighting (4.8%), and building envelope upgrades (1.6%) as major contributors. Synergistic effects added a 3% reduction. Economic analysis showed payback periods from 5.8 years (LED) to 15.4 years (envelope), all with positive net present values. Indoor quality improved with 4.8% lower temperatures and 45.8% better stability. Results advocate integrated sustainable practices for hot–arid regions.