Ideological Favoritism and In-Group Favoritism: A Double Dissociation of U.S. Progressives and Conservatives

People appreciate others who seem similar to themselves. Two well-documented similarity-attraction effects are <i>in-group favoritism</i> (i.e., preference for in-groups over out-groups) and <i>ideological favoritism</i> (i.e., preference for the groups whose ideologies align [vs. conflict] with one's own beliefs). There is debate about whether ideological favoritism is stronger among conservatives, progressives, or neither, and research has yet to explore ideological asymmetry in in-group favoritism. Across five studies (<i>N</i>_total = 6,631), we confirmed a double dissociation: ideological favoritism was stronger among U.S. progressives, whereas in-group favoritism was stronger among U.S. conservatives. This pattern was robust across different samples of perceivers and groups and across various measures of aligned ideological beliefs, shared group membership, and attitudes toward the groups (i.e., judgments and feelings). We discuss potential explanations for the double dissociation. Certain psychological differences between conservatives and progressives (e.g., community orientation and cosmopolitanism) may direct their attention to different markers of allegiance.