Advances in adenovirus-based coronavirus vaccines

Animal coronaviruses cause various animal diseases and pose a continuous pandemic threat. Developing vaccines against these viruses is crucial for controlling disease outbreaks in animals and preventing cross-species transmission to humans. Adenovirus vectors have been studied widely as vaccine platforms for numerous infectious diseases because of their ability to induce strong and balanced immune responses. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has accelerated the development and deployment of advanced vaccines capable of addressing the biological challenges associated with adenovirus vector systems. This review examines adenovirus vector vaccines developed to target zoonotic coronaviruses, highlighting the features and limitations of the immune responses they generate. A comprehensive analysis is provided to inform and support the future development of veterinary vaccines based on adenovirus vectors.