Critical Population Estimates and GIS-based Distribution of Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Pakistan

The Eurasian otter is a keystone species in aquatic habitats in northern areas of Pakistan and is "Near Threatened". Despite the highly suitable habitat, Eurasian otter face ongoing population decline due to habitat loss, human mistreatment and water pollution. A total of 960 km2 area was studied in eight districts of Pakistan, using direct and indirect methods and survey techniques. Data was collected through interviews, field surveys and GIS mapping. GPS coordinates of all potential habitat sites were recorded to create a species sighting map with ArcGIS 10.2 software. The study identified 94 potential habitats. A total of 715 animals’ population was estimated with 0.7 (animals/km2) population density and 86 direct sightings. The highest populations were found in Swat Valley (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Neelum Valley (Azad Jammu & Kashmir). Despite being protected under the Provincial Wildlife Acts, the species is facing a population decline and shrinking habitats. It is suggested that the custodian wildlife departments prioritize the species as a “Species of Special Concern” and initiate extensive research on its ecological aspects, especially habitat restoration, develop comprehensive conservation strategies and implement robust law enforcement and policies to protect it.