Digital Agriculture Approaches for Resource Assessment of Blueberry Yield on Kozuf Mountain (R. of North Macedonia) Integrating Remote Sensing, GIS and Ground-Based Research Data

Blueberries are a valuable natural resource in North Macedonia, providing income for many people.However, underdeveloped collection, licensing and monitoring systems result in unsustainable use.This study integrates GIS and field assessments of blueberry resources on Kozuf Mountain, analyzing annual fruit and leaf production and their chemical composition.Leaf and fresh fruit production averaged 48.30 g/m and 30.70 g/m, respectively.The total biomass of dry leaves was estimated at 5186.70 t, mainly in heathlands.The anthocyanin content in fresh blueberries, determined according to Ph. Eur.11, was 0.52%.The total phenolic content in Vaccinium myrtillus leaf extract averaged 174.55 mg GAE/g DW.Sustainable blueberry use could generate 3.55 million EUR from fruit and 5.44 million EUR from leaves.This could support nearly 1400 people based on average Macedonian salaries.To strengthen the licensing and monitoring system, resource management must align with the growing demand for bilberry collection while considering the region's socioeconomic conditions.Establishing a protected area on Kozuf Mountain, promoting sustainable harvesting and raising biodiversity awareness are crucial for long-term conservation.These efforts will help preserve natural resources while ensuring continued economic benefits for local communities.