CYBER THREATS TO INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS (ICS) AND METHODS OF THEIR MITIGATION

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) form the technological backbone of critical infrastructure across various industries, including—but not limited to—energy generation and distribution (e.g., power plants, substations), transportation systems (such as railways, traffic control, and logistics), municipal water treatment and distribution, oil and gas refining, and chemical manufacturing. These systems are responsible for monitoring, automating, and controlling physical industrial processes in real time, often operating around the clock to ensure the safe, reliable, and efficient functioning of vital services that modern society depends on.