SPR Enzyme Biosensors: A Comprehensive Overview

This paper offers an in - depth exploration of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enzyme biosensors. Biosensors, especially those based on enzymes, are of great significance in modern analysis due to their ability to precisely detect analytes. SPR technology, which is highly sensitive to refractive index changes at the metal - dielectric interface, enables real - time and label - free detection when integrated with enzyme - based biosensors. The working principle of SPR enzyme biosensors relies on the SPR phenomenon and refractive index variations caused by enzyme - substrate reactions. Their structural components, including the sensing chip, optical system, and flow system, are meticulously designed. These biosensors exhibit excellent performance characteristics such as high sensitivity for biomedical detection, which helps in early disease diagnosis; high selectivity in food safety monitoring, allowing for accurate detection of harmful residues; stability in environmental monitoring, withstanding complex environmental conditions; and a short response time in emergency detection. However, challenges like signal interference, enzyme immobilization problems, and complex sample analysis exist. Corresponding solutions, such as anti - fouling coatings, new immobilization technologies, and sample pretreatment, have been proposed. Looking ahead, technological innovations like nanotechnology - enabled sensors and multimodal sensing are expected to further enhance their performance and expand their applications, making SPR enzyme biosensors more crucial in improving human health, environmental protection, and food safety.