Technological Innovations and Clinical Implementation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Systems

Diabetes is a chronic and incurable metabolic disorder, necessitating rigorous blood glucose management as the cornerstone of effective treatment. Maintaining blood glucose levels within the normal range is critical for mitigating the risk of microvascular complications. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems represent a transformative advancement in glucose monitoring technology, enabling automated, real-time tracking of glycemic fluctuations by measuring interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose concentrations and converting these readings into blood glucose values.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development of CGM systems, reviewing their functional characteristics, target populations, and current technological advancements. Additionally, it examines the clinical evaluation framework for CGM systems and analyzes their application across diverse scenarios. Finally, the study highlights future directions and challenges in CGM technology, offering insights to guide further innovation and optimize clinical implementation.This review aims to serve as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians in advancing next-generation CGM systems and enhancing their practical utility in diabetes management.