Hidden engineering in molecular silence: Examination of biomineralization structure in the shell of Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793) species using X-ray diffraction (XRD)

This study was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine the mineralogical composition of the shell structure of Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster). The analyses revealed that the shell is predominantly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), with the structure predominantly found in the crystalline calcite phase. XRD patterns were thoroughly evaluated in the 20°–80° 2θ range, and high-intensity diffraction peaks specific to the calcite phase were detected, particularly in the 40°–49° and 60°–78° regions. Signals related to the aragonite phase were limited and of low intensity. The biomineralization process plays a central role in organisms’ adaptation to environmental factors and structural protection. Marine mollusks like M. gigas provide physical protection and gain resilience to chemical variability in their habitats through biomineralization mechanisms that govern shell formation. The dominance of calcite in the shells is demonstrated comprehensively by our XRD data, as the preferential formation of the calcite phase in this species’ shell structure is favored for its advantages in long-term environmental stability and biological energy efficiency. Additionally, the obtained data make significant contributions to understanding the biochemical and environmental interactions involved in shell formation in marine organisms. In this regard, the study makes significant contributions for future research on the formation, function, and ecological importance of biogenic minerals.