Comprehensive characterization of newly developed composite materials applied in cryogenic conditions

Abstract Epoxy composite materials are desired for the structural support of cryogenic facilities due to their high specific strength and low thermal conductivity. This has led to extensive research efforts to develop new and improved materials to address these specific needs. This study presents comprehensive research on two newly developed composite materials, which are strong contenders for applications in low-temperature environments. The study thoroughly characterizes the thermal properties (including thermal conductivity, TMA, TGA, DMTA, and DSC), mechanical properties (cyclic loading–unloading tests) at both room temperature and − 196 °C, and electrical properties (assessing electric strength, insulation resistance, permittivity, and dissipation factor). Based on the results, it was found that glass-reinforced composites with EPIDIAN 11 resin exhibit the most stable mechanical properties—the degradation of Young’s modulus is stable both at room temperature and under cryogenic conditions. It features the highest glass transition temperature, as confirmed by DSC results. TGA analysis showed that the matrices of both composites undergo single-step decomposition, starting as early as possible and proceeding very quickly, as indicated by the narrow temperature range of the process. The electrical properties confirmed that the tested laminates are excellent electrical insulation materials. This study not only lays the foundation for the effective thermal design of cryogenic systems but also supports the commercialization of these advanced materials, which are expected to be manufactured on a large industrial scale. These innovative composites are distinguished by their enhanced damage tolerance, improved thermal insulation properties, and suitability for demanding cryogenic environments, significantly setting them apart from traditional epoxy–glass materials.