Reframing Procedures and Teamwork for Man Overboard (MOB) Scenarios on Small MASS Passenger Ferries

The rise of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) requires reevaluating emergency procedures and teamwork dynamics. This study examines man overboard (MOB) emergencies on small passenger ferries, comparing a single onboard operator setup (baseline) to one including a Remote Operations Center (ROC) operator. Data from document reviews, observations, questionnaires, and interviews with three mariners revealed gaps between written procedures and actual practices due to contextual constraints and technological limitations. The ROC setup showed potential for task relief for the onboard operator but highlighted the need for enhanced technology and improved remote situational awareness. This study explores the impact of increasing automation, ROC integration, and reduced onboard manning on MOB procedures, teamwork, communication, and passengers, and discusses further work needed to maintain safety on small MASS ferries.