PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA FROM CYBER THREATS

Personal data has become a valuable business resource but is increasingly targeted by cyberattacks and leaks. This study uses comparative legal analysis and formal legal methods to examine how citizens' data rights can be better protected in the digital age. Focusing on liability and data breaches, the paper compares Russia’s personal data protection framework with European and American approaches. The findings suggest that effective protection requires more than just listing rights for data subjects—it demands enforceable guarantees in cyberspace. The study proposes both compliance and post-control measures aimed at preventing breaches and addressing their root causes. It also recommends assigning liability to data operators proportionate to the harm caused and remedied. The analysis of current laws and enforcement practices reveals that strengthening legal accountability and implementing preventive mechanisms are essential steps toward safeguarding personal data in an increasingly digital and interconnected world.