Effects of a Diet Rich in Polyphenols on Lipid Metabolism: An Updated Narrative Review

Abstract Polyphenols, naturally found in a wide variety of plants, have shown a role in the improvement of lipid metabolism and the promotion of cardiovascular health, with potential evidence to reduce total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This review explores the phenolic composition and health outcomes reported in randomized controlled trials and in the meta-analysis of systematic reviews involving polyphenol-rich foods, such as green tea, coffee, cocoa, berries, extra virgin olive oil, and curcumin on lipid metabolism. Proposed mechanisms associating polyphenols with favorable lipid-lowering effects are also reviewed. While the benefits of these foods are promising, given the vast differences within the polyphenolic compounds (e.g., structure and bioavailability), further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of specific phenolic compounds and to develop specific dietary recommendations aimed at enhancing lipid metabolism.