Evaluation of Immunological and Biochemical Tests in patients with Atherosclerosis at Ramadi City

This study investigated immunological and biochemical markers in atherosclerosis patients in Ramadi City, focusing on the impact of smoking. A total of 80 individuals aged 35–60 were enrolled in a cross-sectional case-control study, divided into three groups: atherosclerosis with smoking (n = 27), atherosclerosis without smoking (n = 26), and healthy controls (n = 27). Blood samples were analyzed for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), C-reactive protein (CRP), thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3, FT4), and complete blood count (CBC) using ELISA, immunoturbidimetry, and automated analyzers. Significant increases in IFN-γ, CRP, TSH, WBC, and platelet counts were observed in atherosclerotic patients compared to controls (p < 0.001), with the highest IFN-γ levels seen in smokers. FT3 levels were significantly decreased among patient groups (p = 0.04). Pearson’s correlation revealed positive associations between IFN-γ and CRP, WBC, platelet count, and TSH (p < 0.05), indicating a link between immune activation, systemic inflammation, and thyroid dysfunction. These findings suggest that atherosclerosis is associated with heightened inflammatory and immune responses, particularly in smokers, and that thyroid dysfunction may play a contributory role. Targeting inflammatory and endocrine factors may be critical in the effective management of atherosclerosis.