Associations of Subjective Coldness (<i>Hie</i>) with Negative Emotional States, Chronic Low Back Pain, and Menstrual Pain in Japanese Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Hie, a traditional medicine concept of subjective coldness, may relate to low back pain. Despite anecdotal links to menstrual pain, research is limited. Studies reveal discrepancies between subjective and objective findings, suggesting psychological/social factors. This study aims to clarify Hie, its causes, exacerbating factors, and ways to improve well-being and prevent chronic low back pain. Methods: 341 applicants were categorized into Hie (−), (+), and (++) groups. Weight, BMI, body temperature at various sites, mental status/emotion, and physical features (breath, pulse, blood pressure, low back pain, menstrual pain) were analyzed using Chi-square and ANOVA tests. Results: Weight and BMI differed significantly among groups, but body temperatures did not. Anger-related mental status showed significant differences. The Hie (+) group had more individuals in their 40s with chronic low back pain and menstrual pain. Discussion & Conclusion: Hie severity (++) links to sympathetic nervous system tension (higher pulse/blood pressure), potentially due to anger. Both Hie (+) and (++) groups correlated with negative emotions. Notably, Hie (+) was associated with low weight/BMI and higher rates of chronic low back/menstrual pain, leading to more doctor visits without specific diagnoses. Middle-aged women in Hie (+) may experience social stress. Addressing Hie (+) requires comprehensive approaches beyond just cold sensation.