Low-temperature seed storage optimizes seedling traits, vegetative growth and flowering in Antirrhinum majus

Snapdragon, belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, is a hardy plant, but the unfavourable seed storage conditions can fluctuate the timing of flowering, which is a key factor in floriculture. Seed physiology, morphology and environmental conditions significantly influence the germination of ornamental plants, while improper handling and processing reduce seed emergence. This study investigates the effects of different seed storage temperatures (0, 4, 6, and 8 °C) and durations (30, 45, and 60 days) on seed germination, seedling traits, and flowering time of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus). The results concluded that seeds stored at 4°C for 60 days showed early seed germination (2.67 days) and maximum seed germination percentage (93.33 %). The treatment also led to early flowering, 30 days earlier than the control. Therefore, storing antirrhinum seeds at 4°C for 60 days enhances seed germination, resulting in improved seedling traits and early flowering, and provides valuable insights for optimising cultivation practices in floriculture.