A comprehensive overview of sunscreen cream: Key actives and methods of formulation

Sunscreen creams are essential topical formulations designed to protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-A and UV-B rays. Excessive exposure to UV radiation is associated with acute skin damage, photoaging, and increased risk of skin cancers. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of sunscreen formulations, focusing on the classification of UV filters (chemical, physical, and hybrid), their mechanisms of action, and the key ingredients used. Advances in formulation technologies, including the use of emulsifiers, nanocarriers, and natural antioxidants, have led to the development of more effective and consumer-friendly products. Evaluation parameters such as Sun Protection Factor (SPF), photostability, and water resistance are discussed to assess product efficacy and safety. Additionally, the review examines regulatory guidelines and market trends, highlighting the importance of compliance and innovation in sunscreen development. The study concludes that continuous research and improved formulation strategies are vital for creating sunscreens that are both safe for human use and environmentally sustainable. Keywords: Sunscreen, UV radiation, SPF, UV filters, chemical sunscreen, physical sunscreen, nanotechnology, photoprotection, formulation, evaluation.