Applications of nanotechnology in an antibacterial activity potentiation

Introduction. Innovative strategies are needed to combat the growing global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the limitations of conventional antibiotics. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions by enhancing antibacterial efficacy through the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs). Aim. This narrative review examines the applications of nanotechnology in enhancing antibacterial efficacy, emphasising the mechanisms by which nanoparticles overcome resistance, penetrate biofilms, and optimise drug delivery. Methods. A literature search was conducted using major scientific databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus) for peer-reviewed publications addressing nanoparticle design, antibacterial mechanisms, and therapeutic efficacy. The focus was on metal-, lipid-, carbon-, and polymer-based nanoparticles. Results. Nanoparticles, specifically silver (Ag), gold (Au), and zinc oxide (ZnO), have significant antibacterial properties by disrupting bacterial membranes, generating reactive oxygen species, and inducing DNA damage. Liposomes and niosomes are lipid-based carriers that can help counteract antibiotic resistance, direct drug delivery into biofilms, and improve drug stability. Dendrimers and polymer-based nanoparticles are utilised to improve the drug loading efficiency and controlled release. Conclusion. Nanotechnology can substantially improve antibacterial treatment strategies and address key mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. By modifying nanoparticle size, surface charge, and functionality, intracellular drug accumulation and biofilm penetration are improved. Future research should prioritize clinical translation, biosafety evaluation, and scalable production to fully realize the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles.