Tensor-Network Study of the Roughening Transition in a <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="fals
Within the confined phase of (2+1)D lattice gauge theories a roughening transition arises between a weakly confined regime with floppy string excitations and a strongly confined regime with stiff string excitations. In this Letter, we use an infinite Density Matrix Renormalization Group (iDMRG) algorithm to quantitatively characterize the properties of confined strings. To this end, we stabilize the state with a string excitation by 't Hooft loop operators. While for zero gauge-matter coupling we can use bare 't Hooft loop operators to do so, for finite gauge-matter coupling we have to transform them to emergent ones, which we achieve with an adiabatic protocol. By analyzing the scaling of both a novel order parameter and the entanglement entropy, our approach allows us to accurately determine the roughening transition, even at finite gauge-matter coupling.
Authors
- Michael Knap (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-9502)
- Frank Pollmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0320-9304)
- Karl J. Friston
Institutions
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Physical Review Letters
- Published
- 2025-06-27
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1103/3lxj-dx76
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Quantum many-body systems
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.49
Funders
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- European Research Council