Advances and challenges in the development of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever vaccines: from traditional approaches to modern technologies

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a high mortality, tick-borne viral illness endemic to Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and certain regions of Europe. Notwithstanding its peril to public health, there is presently no licensed vaccination available. This study highlights important progress and challenges in developing CCHF vaccines, including traditional methods (inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines) and new approaches (subunit, DNA, mRNA, and viral vectors). We also investigate the functions of adjuvants and delivery technologies – such as nanoparticles and viral vectors – in enhancing immunogenicity and safety. Insights from historical endeavors and recent advancements underscore the pressing necessity for safe, effective, and scalable vaccinations, especially in endemic areas. Future initiatives must emphasize cross-protective formulations, thermal stability, and international cooperation.