Spatial distribution of regular wave overtopping on landscape revetment during typhoon landfalls

Typhoons raise nearshore water levels and generate large waves, posing significant wave overtopping risks to low-crested revetments designed with hydrophilic considerations. Severe wave overtopping can threaten infrastructure, including buildings and roads located behind revetments. This study systematically investigates the effects of wind speed, breast wall height, revetment slope, and incident wave period on the spatial distribution of regular wave overtopping and the associated slamming forces on roadways during typhoon landfalls. A non-reflective numerical wave flume integrated with wind fields is developed for the analysis. The results reveal that wind speed significantly affects wave overtopping discharge and its spatial distribution behind revetments. During typhoon landfalls, the overtopping discharge for a single wave can increase by up to 5.2 times compared to calm conditions. The influence distance and maximum slamming force on roadways can increase by up to 1.7 times and 5.9 times, respectively. Additionally, the breast wall height, revetment slope, and incident wave period significantly influence the spatial distribution of wave overtopping water and slamming forces. These findings offer critical technical guidance for designing infrastructure layouts behind revetments.