Prevalence and determinants of breast self-examination practice among medical students in higher learning institutions at Ifakara Town, Tanzania.

Background: Breast self-examination (BSE) is a medical examination technique that involves female checking her breasts for any unusual lumps, changes in shape, or swelling. This can help detect breast cancer early. Breast cancer is a serious health issue globally, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, breast cancer is the top five most common cancer, accounting for 14.4% of all new cancer cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are the answers to enhancing outcomes for breast cancer. Research shows that many women detect their own breast cancer, suggesting a positive link between BSE and early detection. This study aimed to determine the awareness and practice of Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Practice Among Medical Students in middle and higher Learning Institutions. Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted in Ifakara Town Council (ITC), involving middle and higher learning institutions. Simple random sampling technique was used to recruit female students at different years of study. Closed ended questionnaire was adapted for data collection. Results: A total of 386 medical students participated. The prevalence of Breast Self-Examination (BSE) practice was 49.0%. While 59.6% reported awareness of Breast Self-Examination, knowledge sources varied: mass media (46.9%), health professionals (37.7%), and relatives/friends (18.4%). Determinants significantly associated with Breast Self-Examination practice included marital status (p=0.008), family history of breast cancer (p=0.005), and Breast Self-Examination awareness (p=0.001). Age group, religious beliefs, program of study, and residency showed no statistically significant association. The moderate level of awareness yet sub-optimal practice rate (49.0%) suggests potential gaps in translating knowledge into consistent preventive action or underlying attitudinal barriers among this age group. Conclusion: The early detection of breast cancer diseases can be significantly possible by the self-assessment through BSE. An emphasize on Self -assessment of breast health should be emphasized to all ages who are at risk. Education to create awareness through mass media may be one of the priorities through broadcasting and short text in the mobile phones.