Analysis of the Main Effects of Different Types and Levels of Stress on Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage

With the increasing integration of renewable energy and the growing demand for grid stability, lithium-ion batteries have become a crucial component in electrical energy storage systems. Their aging behavior directly affects the performance and lifespan of these systems. Therefore, it is of significant importance to investigate the aging characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under various operating conditions. This paper investigates the impact of different stress types and levels on the aging behavior of lithium-ion batteries used in electrical energy storage through orthogonal experimental design. The study employs an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{L 9 (3) }$</tex>) orthogonal array to design nine sets of cycling aging experiments under various operating conditions, covering four stress factors: temperature, current, DOD (Depth of Discharge), and current fluctuation frequency. The results indicate that temperature has the most significant impact on battery aging rate, followed by current, while the effects of DOD and current fluctuation frequency are relatively minor. Within the full range of stress levels, the main effects increase sequentially as temperature varies from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$</tex> to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$</tex>, current from 0.2 C to 1 C, DOD from 10 % to 80 %, and current fluctuation frequency from 0.1 times/minute to 3 times/minute. The study concludes that low-temperature conditions significantly accelerate battery aging, and it is recommended to strictly control temperature conditions in energy storage system operations.