Inertia and Stability Enhancement of Low-Inertia Active Distribution Networks Integrated with Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks

The increasing penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs), particularly heavy-duty electric trucks (HDETs), presents both challenges and opportunities for improving the reliability and stability of smart grids. This paper proposes an optimization-based smart charging and discharging technique aimed at stabilizing low-inertia Active Distribution Networks (LI-ADNs) connected to charging stations (CSs) with HDETs and high-power energy storage systems (HP-ESS). The proposed techniques can mitigate frequency fluctuations within acceptable limits and increase the system's inertia. The inertia of the LI-ADN is estimated using the direct Lyapunov method, and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through MATLAB®/SIMULINK® simulations.