Analysis of the Connectivity Protocols to the Internet of Things and Impacts on Precision Agriculture Practiced in Open Spaces

The Internet of Things technology transforms precision agriculture through its capabilities of performing computerized decisions, distant surveillance, and gathering statistics from everyday life. This paper evaluates the connectivity protocols used in IoT applications for precision agriculture across open fields. The selected IoT connectivity protocols utilize satellite communications along with Wi-Fi networks as well as cellular networks featuring 4G and 5G technology and LPWAN technologies using LoRaWAnand NB-IoT networks. The evaluation process of each protocol depends entirely on four criteria: cost-effectiveness alongside data transfer speed along with energy efficiency and coverage. The research demonstrates positive and negative characteristics of each technology across different farming areas thus requiring hybrid connection systems for reliable continuous operation. The analysis explores methods which impact resource optimization as well as the management of insects alongside crop functions and irrigation delivery effectiveness. The study establishes that proper selection of IoT connectivity protocols stands as the key factor to enhance open-field agricultural output and cost reduction and foster sustainable farming methods. AI-driven analytics and edge computing implementations to improve precision agriculture decision-making need further research investigation.