Comparative Analysis of Realistic 3D Models for Vr Based Knee Surgery Simulation

Virtual Reality simulations have proven to be effective in medical training, offering an immersive and risk-free environment for skill acquisition and practice. A key feature of these simulations is the utilization of realistic 3D models that precisely reflect human anatomy and surgical interaction. Virtual reality simulation has emerged as a powerful tool in medical education with the use of lifelike 3D models that accurately replicate human anatomy and surgical interactions. This paper describes the development of a precise 3D model for VR- based surgical training of Knee Surgery and comparative analysis of high-fidelity 3D bone models with a particular focus on realism of anatomy. The model contains several overlapped and ultra-realistic tissues composed of human knee with Femur, Fibula and Tibia for authenticity. This work focuses on the modelling of human knee using three different platforms: Blender, 3D Slicer, and Polycam, evaluating each tool's strength in terms of anatomical accuracy, mesh quality, polygon optimization and VR readiness. The resulting bone model is analyzed for their suitability in realistic orthopedic surgery simulations, with attention to their usability in procedural training such as alignment, cutting and prosthesis placement. The novelty of this paper lies in the systemic comparison of modelling pipelines for developing realistic bone structures for VR applications. Unlike existing models that lack surgical relevance this approach will provide a solid foundation for future integration of soft tissues, deformation and haptic feedback.