Fractional Order Cascade Controller for the Optimal Load Frequency Control of Diverse Sourced Multi Area Power System

This work introduced a novel control approach of the cascade proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fractional order proportional-integral (FOPI) for the dynamic control of interconnected power systems (IPS). The performance of cascade PID-FOPI has been trailed on the diverse sourced multi-area power system (DSMAPS) model, which comprises two control regions, each integrated with the wind and hydrothermal units. The fruit fly algorithm (FFA) is used to make sure that the proposed cascade controller is tuned in the best way possible so that it works the best. The analysis is initiated on DSMAPS for a 10% step load disturbance (SLD), and the supremacy of cascade PID-FOPI performance is revealed by comparing it with the performances of other regulators reported rigorously in the literature. However, the DSMAPS is considered with the realistic constraints to assess the performance of the proposed controller in a real-time environment, and further, the significance of communication time delays (CTDs) on DSMAPS behavior is demonstrated. Simulation results confirmed the predominance of CTDs and their importance in considering the system while enforcing the controlling mechanism is widely discussed. Furthermore, the DAMSPS is laid with the high-voltage direct-current line (HVDC); the considerable enhancement in system frequency responses is reported.