LoRaWAN Architectures in the ISM2400 Band for AgriFood Applications

This paper evaluates the performance of LoRa technology operating in the ISM2400 band (2400-2483 MHz) in rural environments, focusing on its potential applications for precision agriculture. Sub-1 GHz bands like the EU868 and the US915 are already implemented for LoRa networks deployments, but the ISM2400 one may offer advantages with no duty cycle limitations and common regulatory prescriptions worldwide. However, the band faces challenges due to higher noise levels and reduced propagation performance through obstacles. For this reason, we have conducted some preliminary field tests, with results that demonstrate reliable communication in Line-of-Sight (LOS) over distances at least equal to 18 km with a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 100 %. We have also compared the obtained results in the EU868 band. Despite the limitations of the ISM2400 band, we highlight its potential for real-time, long-range, low-data-rate links, particularly suitable for agricultural applications such as autonomous farming vehicles control.