Scalable and Real-Time Power System Simulation Based on Heterogeneous CPU-FPGA Co-operation

With the increasing integration of renewable energy devices, modern power systems have become complex, exhibiting diverse circuit topologies. Existing FPGA-based accelerators are optimized for fast single-topology simulation but lack the flexibility to handle multiple topology simulations. This paper proposes a scalable heterogeneous CPU-FPGA system designed for efficient simulation of diverse power system topologies. The proposed system enables real-time simulation for variable-scale power systems, distinguishing itself from conventional simulators by leveraging flexible matrix decomposition and a topology-aware approach. Our design specifically achieves the minimal latency of 100ns for both the boost and three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) models, highlighting its superior performance across diverse topologies. Introduced by dynamic fixed-point quantization, our proposal reduces 30.8% LUTs, 26.8% FFs, 22.2% BRAMs and 43.8% DSPs versus a fixed-point implementation with the same computational accuracy.