A PUF-Enhanced Fog-Enabled Hierarchical Authentication Protocol for Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has become the key technology to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. However, with the explosion of the number of vehicles and more frequent authentication, computing and communication costs increase. Nevertheless, most of the traditional IoV authentication protocols lack scalability and are vulnerable to physical attacks and internal attacks, so they are difficult to meet the needs of modern IoV environment. To address these issues, this paper proposes a hierarchical mutual authentication protocol for the IoV based on physical unclonable function (PUF) and fog computing. In this protocol, we design a three-layer architecture for IoV supported by fog computing, where the fog node (FN) acts as an intermediate authentication layer, managing a group of roadside units (RSUs) and sharing the computational tasks of the trusted authority (TA) to alleviate its burden. Moreover, PUFs are embedded in entity devices to encrypt sensitive parameters, preventing internal data leakage. Based on this architecture, our protocol implements both vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) authentication and group authentication. In the V2I authentication, the FN distributes session keys in bulk to a group of RSUs and multiple vehicles, significantly reducing the repetitive authentication overhead between vehicles and RSUs. In the group authentication, the RSU authenticates vehicles and distributes group key, thereby avoiding the need for frequent authentication. We have also implemented fast updates of session keys and group keys, independently completed by the FN and RSU, reducing reliance on the TA and enhancing key security. We have conducted both formal and informal security analyses of the proposed protocol and used the ProVerif tool to verify its security. The results demonstrate that the protocol meets the security requirements needed for IoV. The evaluation results shows that the proposed protocol can significantly reduce the computation and communication overhead, and improve the overall performance of the system.