A Novel, Green, β‐Cyclodextrin‐Based Microextraction and Enrichment Method for Sensitive HPLC‐UV Determination of 4‐Nitrophenol in Groundwater

Abstract With spectroscopic and analytical precomparison studies of α, β, and γ‐cyclodextrins, a β‐cyclodextrin (CD) based micro‐extraction and enrichment method for highly sensitive (up to pg/mL) HPLC‐UV determination of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) in ground water has been reported. Highly efficient sample pretreatment was achieved with a novel, green, and self‐tailored hybrid of MEPS (micro extraction by packed sorbent extraction) and d‐SPE (dispersive solid phase extraction) in β‐cyclodextrin packed gel loading pipette tip named, pipette tip packed sorbent dispersive micro solid phase extraction (PPS‐d‐µSPE). The method was successfully applied to real ground water samples from Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Under optimized conditions, an excellent linearity of 0.9991 ( R 2 ) was obtained over a concentration range of 0.01–5 ng/mL, with high recoveries (96%–98.87%), and an excellent LOD value of 0.002 ng/mL. This paper reports an approach of applying spectroscopic aid to analytical method development, and a novel, innovative, hybrid enrichment analytical podium for HPLC‐UV determination of 4‐NP in real ground water samples with high analytical performance, rapidness, practicality, and environmental friendliness.