Research Progress of Monoclonal Antibody Drugs Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovitis, joint destruction, and systemic complications. The pathogenesis of RA is caused by immune dysfunction, and key inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF - α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1 play a central role in disease progression. The progress of targeted biotherapy has completely changed the treatment of RA, especially monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that selectively inhibit these pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review explores the pathogenesis of RA, with a focus on the roles of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 in synovitis and joint degeneration. It also discusses the progress of mAb based therapies, including TNF-α inhibitors (such as adalimumab), IL-6 receptor antagonists (such as tocilizumab), and IL-1 blockers (such as anakinumab). Clinical trials have shown that these biologics can significantly improve disease activity, joint protection, and overall patient prognosis, especially in patients who have poor response to traditional synthetic anti rheumatic drugs (csDMARD). In conclusion, mAb based therapy significantly improves the prospects of RA treatment, providing targeted and effective options for disease control, further optimizing RA treatment, minimizing disease progression, and improving patients' quality of life.