Progress in Exosomes in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent autoimmune disease globally, is divided into Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The disease and its complications place substantial economic burdens on individuals and healthcare systems, with a definitive cure still out of reach. Exosome therapy has emerged as a promising avenue for diabetes treatment, playing a role in early diagnosis and managing diabetic complications. Studies have shown that exercise-derived exosomes can boost insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues and facilitate tissue or organ repair and regeneration. Despite these advancements, clinical data on exosome therapy is lacking, and large-scale production is still in its early stages, necessitating further research and development. This article examines the potential of exosome therapy in treating both types of diabetes, underscoring its considerable potential and serving as a reference for future research endeavors. Challenges like therapeutic exosome industrial production and immune evasion strategies remain unresolved. Future studies should concentrate on scaling up exosome production and finding ways to avoid immune clearance.