Heat pumps in Europe: perspectives and innovation challenges

Abstract Heat pumps play a crucial role in the transition toward sustainable energy. This review draws on an extensive range of resources to analyse advancements in heat pump technologies and their contribution to achieving the European Union’s (EU) goals on clean and secure heating/cooling. First, it provides a comprehensive overview of the status and trajectories of heat pump penetration, recent regulations, market growth projections, and supply chain challenges within the EU. Then, the report highlights state-of-the-art technological advancements and innovation trends in areas such as refrigerant and component development, optimal operation, and smart integration with other technologies, including alternative heating and cooling systems, thermal and electrical storage, and solar energy. These insights are based on recent reports, literature, and market updates. Following this analysis, this review leverages data from a large number of projects related to emerging heat pump innovations supported by the European Innovation Council, to summarise the direction of research and innovation, showcasing real-world examples of projects and startups shaping the future of heat pump technology. Finally, the review identifies non-technical barriers and policy actions needed to accelerate innovation in the field. Heat pumps are essential to achieve to net-zero targets in Europe and enhance European energy autonomy, and this review aims to provide policymakers with evidence-based insights to foster the widespread implementation of heat pumps in energy systems.