Distributed Multi-Antenna GPS Spoofing Attack using Off-the-Shelf Devices

Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, though critical to numerous civilian and industrial applications, remain susceptible to spoofing due to their unencrypted nature. While many existing defenses focus on single-antenna spoofing, multi-antenna spoofing has been theorized as a significantly more potent threat. However, practical realizations of multi-antenna spoofing have been limited by the stringent requirement of nanosecond-level synchronization.