An ecological and social approach to the distribution of vector and nuisance mosquito species across residential land use types

Mosquito abundance and distribution are related to environmental variables like rainfall and land cover which shape available aquatic habitat for oviposition and juvenile development. Many mosquito species rely on natural water sources for oviposition and juvenile development. However, others have evolved to occupy urban niches and artificial habitats associated with urbanization and human-dominated environments, like tires or storm drains. Additionally, as land cover changes over rural-urban gradients, mosquito species richness decreases via reduced habitat heterogeneity. Human exposure to mosquitoes is a product of environmental processes, and human behaviors related to mosquito control and personal protection. To understand mosquito distribution from both perspectives, we conducted a study with paired entomological and behavioral science data collection. We collected mosquitoes at 40 sites across a rural-urban gradient of 30 residential properties and 10 recreational forest sites in Bangor, Maine, and conducted a juvenile habitat assessment on the residential properties. Additionally, a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice survey was administered among property owners to understand factors that affect engagement in mosquito control and protective behaviors. Mosquito abundance was highest in forested and rural residential sites. Nuisance species abundance was highest at rural residential sites, while vector species abundance was highest in urban residential sites. Despite 54% respondents reporting mosquitoes as a nuisance, only 10.5% and 5.3% reported frequent engagement in preventative behaviors such as wearing mosquito repellent or protective clothing, respectively. This study builds on literature demonstrating patterns of vector mosquito abundance in residential areas and exploration of resident mosquito control practices.