Research Progress on the Prevention and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease linked to group A type B haemolytic streptococcus infection, characterized by acute fever and migratory joint pain, mainly affecting large joints. Its pathogenesis involves genetics, environmental factors, infections, and immune dysfunction, with symptoms fluctuating due to weather changes. Recent advances in RA treatment include targeted therapy and biological agents, alongside research on immune abnormalities, genetic predisposition, and environmental triggers. Efforts are being made to develop sensitive biomarkers and imaging tools for early diagnosis, as well as promoting multidisciplinary and patient-centered treatment models. However, studies on pediatric RA remain limited, particularly regarding early diagnosis and age-specific treatment strategies. Key findings from literature include: 1) Certain HLA and MHC genes are strongly associated with RA susceptibility; 2) Smoking, air pollution, alcohol, caffeine, and humid-cold environments contribute to RA risk; 3) ESR, CRP, anti-CCP, anti-cyclo-citrulline IgM antibodies, and MRI aid early diagnosis; 4) Adalimumab is effective both alone and in combination with other drugs; 5) Physical therapies like hot/cold compresses and electrotherapy help relieve symptoms. Future research should focus on cost reduction and treatment simplification to improve accessibility and patient outcomes.