FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES: THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND THEIR SPECIFICS

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical approaches to financing scientific research and development. The article discusses three main approaches – Newtonian, Baconian and Jeffersonian. The first approach, the Newtonian approach, is characterized by the fact that preference is given primarily to the financing of fundamental scientific research, which is considered the basis of scientific activity. In this approach, financing is carried out primarily from the state budget. The Bacon approach mainly provides financing for the practical part of science, that is, development work. A large share of financial support is provided by extra-budgetary funds, while maintaining the share of the state, but public funds are directed primarily to the creation of innovative goods, rather than to basic science. The first two approaches have both advantages and disadvantages. The third, Jeffersonian approach represents a compromise option, that is, it combines elements of the Newtonian and Baconian approaches. In addition, the article presents a general description of the financing of scientific research in Russia. Statistical data on the share of science funding sources in a number of countries, including Russia, are considered.