Metal based sonocatalytic treatment of aqueous solution of Rhodamine-G

The escalating demand for superior water quality standards has emerged from rapid urbanization, industry, and population increase, resulting in intensified worries regarding water contamination. Among other contaminants, wastewater tainted with dyes is a major environmental hazard because it changes the chemical and biological oxygen demands above allowable discharge limits, putting aquatic ecosystems and human health at risk. Each year, more than 70 million tons of synthetic dyes are manufactured, which are utilized extensively in industries like textiles, paper, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In order to overcome this difficulty, scientists have investigated a variety of decolorization methods, such as membrane filtration, adsorption, photocatalysis, and ultrasonic degradation. Because of its effectiveness, sustainability, and low byproduct generation, ultrasonic treatment, a sophisticated oxidation technique, has become more well-known among them. The procedure uses sonic cavitation to create high-pressure, high-temperature bubbles that burst to release hydroxyl radicals (OH), which destroy organic contaminants. The efficiency of dye removal is increased by applying different homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, which promote cavitation bubble production. Furthermore, the treatment process is further optimized using sonocatalysts like metal-doped TiO₂, ZnO, activated carbon, and biochar. This research examines the sonodegradation of organic dye compounds, focusing on their degradation mechanisms and the impact of unique features on improving treatment effectiveness.