Reliability analysis framework for second life of electric vehicle batteries in sustainable energy storage

Current need for sustainable energy storage solutions floats our attention to methods for reuse of retired electric vehicle (EV) batteries, called second life (SL) batteries. Since such batteries are so close to an entry into the power system, their reliability analysis is an essential prerequisite, which it provides the foundation for to decide both how long they can be operated and how they can be safe. A complete methodology to evaluate reliability aspects in second life EV batteries that are used for sustainable energy storage system is provided in the paper. There is a systematic way of evaluating reliability characteristics in the second life of EV batteries. This framework creates a procedure for a systematic evaluation of batteries with testing protocols and decision methods for assessing sustainability of batteries. Structured evaluation procedures are integrated in the system, which includes thorough testing standards and determination elements to evaluate potentials to sustainability outcomes. The framework is comprised of degradation modes and safety limits under demanding working conditions consisting of three main performance aspects. To ensure the effectiveness of microgrids and hybrid renewable energy systems, it is essential to conduct studies based on real-world applications. Future research should develop cost-effective testing methods and explore new application areas.