Digital Documentation of Heritage Using SFM: A Case Study of Kusa Pasha Fort in Abu Qir, Alexandria

- Heritage conservation plays a vital role in preserving historical and cultural assets for future generations. However, conservation efforts often face economic challenges, with limited resources available for comprehensive documentation and restoration. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of low-cost digital photogrammetry in heritage conservation by documenting Kusa Pasha Fort, a historically significant yet severely threatened site in Abu Qir, Alexandria, Egypt. Facing neglect, inappropriate reuse, and increasing urban pressure from nearby developments—most notably the planned New Abu Qir City—the fort represents a vulnerable cultural asset requiring urgent intervention. The research applies the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique using accessible tools (iPhone 11 and Reality Capture software) to generate accurate 3D models of the fort. These models provide essential data for structural analysis, restoration planning, virtual tours, and educational engagement. The results highlight the precision, efficiency, and scalability ofSfM as a sustainable alternative to traditional documentation methods, offering a practical framework for safeguarding endangered heritage in resource-constrained settings.