Advancing Sustainable Gamma‐Valerolactone Synthesis Using Homogeneous Catalysts: Catalytic Strategies, Mechanistic Insights and Transition to Eco‐Friendly Biomass Processing

Gamma‐valerolactone (GVL) emerges as a pivotal platform chemical derived from the reduction of levulinic acid (LA), a hydrolysate of lignocellulosic polysaccharides. GVL is recognized as a viable substitute for fuels and chemicals generated from fossil fuels due to its properties. The reduction of LA to GVL in the presence of organometallic catalysts is discussed in detail in this review, including the challenges and opportunities associated with this catalytic transformation process. The organometallic complexes utilized for LA reduction are the main topic of this review, focussing on the catalytic superiority of Ir complexes over their Ru and Fe counterparts. The review investigates the feasibility of replacing noble metal complexes with cost‐effective and abundant alternatives such as Fe, to enhance the ecological sustainability and cost competitiveness of GVL and its derivatives in comparison with traditional fossil‐based alternatives. Furthermore, the review discusses the mechanistic intricacies associated with the transformation of LA to GVL, elucidation of the rate‐determining steps and ideal hydrogen sources for this catalytic transformation. This review provides vital insights into the ongoing efforts aimed at making GVL manufacturing environmentally friendly and economically feasible by providing a complete exploration of various catalytic systems and sustainable management of biomass.