A century and a half of global scientific cooperation under the International Polar Year program (1882–2025): lessons and perspectives

The article presents a comparative review of the history of the global scientific program - International Polar Year (IPY) - from 1882 to the present. It is noted that with each year the program only expanded, the number of participating countries increased. The main scientific directions of polar research, the results of the four program periods of IPY are considered, and the prospects of organizing the forthcoming Fifth IPY in 2032–2033 are discussed.