Perils of perpetual connectivity: Navigating the ‘always-on’ culture in the modern workplace

Orientation: The integration of digital tools with flexible work habits has transformed modern workplaces, creating an ‘always-on’ culture that impacts employee well-being and organisational effectiveness. Research purpose: This systematic review explored how continuous connectivity affects stress, work-life boundaries and institutional standards, with an emphasis on peer-reviewed studies published from 2015 to 2024. Motivation for the study: The study aimed to explore how digital tools, such as messaging platforms and remote collaboration technologies, can lead to increased workplace stress and burnout despite their intended productivity benefits. Research approach/design and method: The review followed PRISMA principles and utilised systematic approach to ensure rigour and reproducibility. Empirical studies from emerging economies were prioritised to improve generalisability. The inclusion prioritised peer-reviewed studies with strong quantitative or qualitative evidence. Main findings: The analysis found that digital tools have exacerbated stress, burnout and mental weariness among knowledge workers and women handling caregiving obligations, despite their intended purpose of empowerment. Notably, 68% of research focus on individual coping techniques, such as digital detoxes, while less than 20% investigate organisational treatments, indicating a gap in policy formulation and implementation. The study proposes a dynamic model of flexibility, highlighting institutional standards, rather than individual habits, as the cause of unsustainable work patterns. Practical/managerial implications: The study suggests techniques for balancing productivity and well-being, such as time-sensitive communication protocols, open workload indicators and regulations enforcing the right to disengage. Contribution/value-add: The study reframes flexibility as a dual-force dynamic that requires systemic solutions. It offers evidence-based guidance for designing organisational policies.