Cytokine Profiles and Neutrophil Responses in Varying Severities of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infections

Background and Aims: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant global health threat in infants, causing high morbidity and mortality. This study analyzed the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 to assess immune responses in children under 5 years attending Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital. Methods: Serum cytokine levels were compared among control participants, outpatients with mild infections, and hospitalized patients with severe infections. Oxidative burst activity of leukocytes exposed to S. pneumoniae was assessed using nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining. Results: Inflammatory markers were markedly elevated in severely infected patients compared to mildly infected and control groups. Leukocyte activity against S. pneumoniae was confirmed by the formation of formazan crystals during NBT reduction. Conclusion: The study highlights a strong link between infection severity and cytokine elevation, emphasizing their role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infections and potential as biomarkers for disease progression.