The cooperative principles in present-day Western agrofood industries

Abstract On the basis of previous research findings, this study argues that present-day Western agricultural cooperatives interpret cooperative principles quite generously. Because cooperatives operate under varying conditions, the principles must be adaptable. Open memberships have often become selected memberships. Large memberships and complex business activities weaken member control. Differentiated treatment of different member categories is often necessary. To obtain financial capital there is a need to incentivize members to invest voluntarily, and sometimes, external investors are invited. In spite of these liberal views of cooperative principles – or rather thanks to this market adaptation – cooperatives are still strong in many agriculture sectors.