A dataset of ecological observations of cotton across diverse phenological periods at Cele Station from (2005–2015)

<p indent="0mm">Cotton, as a major cash crop in Xinjiang, is the strategic material vital to China’s national economy and livelihood. Particularly, in southern Xinjiang, cotton cultivation carries both ecological and economic significance. Located on the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang Cele Desert Grassland Ecosystem National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station (hereinafter referred to as ″Cele Station″) has carried out long-term ecological observations of cotton across different phenological periods for many years to provide theoretical basis for stable, healthy and high-quality development of oasis farmland ecosystems. This dataset compiled ecological observation data of cotton across different phenological periods at Cele Station from 2005 to 2015, including records on phenological dynamics at different growth periods, changes in leaf area and above-ground biomass, and field yield at harvest. Data collection strictly followed the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) biological observation specifications, with data quality control implemented throughout all stages if the long-term monitoring process. The dataset aims to support studies on cotton population development and yield characteristics, facilitate remote sensing-based dynamic monitoring of cotton growth under climate change, and provide theoretical reference for improving regional cotton production and ensuring yield stability.