Research on the Current Situation, Difficulties and Countermeasures of the Implementation of China’s Pension Security System

我国养老保障制度已形成以基本养老保险为核心的多层次体系，覆盖范围持续扩大。截至2024年9月，全国基本养老保险参保人数达10.75亿人，运行总体平稳。本文通过对我国养老保障制度内容及实施现状的探讨，并在此基础上深入分析当前制度面临的三大突出问题：区域分割加剧了跨地区转移接续的困难；机关事业单位与城镇职工的“双轨制”及城乡差异导致制度性不公平；企业年金和商业养老保险发展滞后，使基本养老保险负担过重。为应对这些挑战，本研究提出三项改革路径：推进制度整合，建立全国统一的养老体系；创新基金管理机制，提升投资运营效率；健全法律体系，明确各方权责关系。旨在构建更加公平、可持续的养老保障体系，应对人口老龄化挑战。China’s pension security system has established a multi-tiered framework with basic pension insurance as its core, achieving continuous expansion in coverage. By September 2024, the number of participants in the basic pension insurance system reached 1.075 billion, with overall stable operation. This paper examines the content and implementation status of China’s pension security system and identifies three major challenges: regional fragmentation exacerbates difficulties in cross-regional transfer and continuity; the “dual-track system” between public-sector employees and urban workers, along with urban-rural disparities, leads to institutional inequity; and the lagging development of enterprise annuities and commercial pension insurance places excessive burden on the basic pension system. To address these challenges, the study proposes three reform pathways: promoting institutional integration to establish a nationally unified pension system; innovating fund management mechanisms to enhance investment and operational efficiency; and improving the legal framework to clarify the responsibilities of all stakeholders. The aim is to build a more equitable and sustainable pension security system to meet the challenges posed by population aging.