Gulf of Guinea Piracy: Analysis of Threats, Dynamics and Responses

Abstract for Scopus Indexing: The maritime domain provides enormous opportunities for socio-economic development of States and indeed it is an anchor of globalization. One of the critical threats that undermine sea lines of communication security is piracy. This article examines the enduring threat of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, despite a recent decline in attacks. It examines the evolution of Gulf of Guinea piracy, its impact on global maritime security, and the effectiveness of counter-piracy measures. The authors analyzed the historical trajectory of piracy incidents through to the peak in 2020. Key dynamics during this period, including evolving tactics, are examined. Global, regional and national responses were also assessed. Results show that while attacks decreased after 2020, the threat persists. The findings underscore the need for sustained and enhanced counter-piracy efforts in the Gulf of Guinea, including improved maritime domain awareness and at-sea interdiction capabilities. The resurgence of piracy elsewhere, as seen in Somalia, emphasizes the potential for rapid escalation, highlighting the importance of proactive and collaborative wholistic responses.